Victor Emmanuel Ii King Of Sardinia History Essay

Victor Emmanuel Ii King Of Sardinia tarradiddle Es rateVictor Emmanuel II king of Sardinia was affirmed King of Italy in 1861 when the country turned into a nation-state. The 1930s was a tense period for the peace which was achieved in 1919. This was the epoch when Benito Mussolini established his fascist p fraudy. A crucial factor during this period and which this assignment will analyse is Italys quest in Abyssinia simulaten by the lead of Mussolini.This paper is going to touch prominence to Italy afterward WWI and some interests which came along with the Cold contend period which remain consistent in Italys foreign policy nowadays. Of course one cannot miss bring out stating that Italy was a member with NATO and one of the six founders of the EEC which led Italy for integration economically and governmentally. As a conclusion I will conclude by stating the imminent problems Italy faces such as illegal immigration, unemployment, junior-grade standards of living in the du e south compared to the industrialised northward.Unification of ItalyDespite the setbacks of 1848-49, these lead the way to the Italian coalition. The factors which chiefly united Italy were its Italian language, religion and its geographic position as it is a peninsula in the effect of the Mediterranean. Italys unification came along through struggles such as the war with Austria (1859), Garibaldi and the 1000 redshirts frightened more than Cavour as Garibaldis popularity would couch the position of Victor Emmanuel II a risk, the annexation of Venetia (1866) and the conquest of Rome (1870).Napoleon conquered the Italian peninsula and created the dick King of Italy in 1792. He combined the smaller Italian city-states into larger units to make his rule more efficient but opposition to him as a foreign ruler stimulated Italian nationalism. The denial of Rome created the hero Giuseppe Garibaldi considered as the sword of the unification. He joined the Young Italy movement and was commander in the conflicts of the Risorgimento. He was a friend of Giuseppe Mazzini the soul of the unification who was a Carbonaro. Mazzini was the first influential revolutionary of the Risorgimento as the movement had dissatisfaction with the re-establishment of the old monarchies. Meanwhile Camillo Benso di Cavour was the brain of the unification and founder of a political journal The Resurgence. deep down a hardly a(prenominal) years he transformed Piedmont into modern state by removing duties, built railways. in conclusion he also reorganised the army. Cavour was aware that Piedmont needed strong allies against Austria. In 1854, when the Cri flirt with war broke out he was asked by Britain and France to send troops because Austria needed assurance that if she joined the allies, Piedmont would not deplete advantage of the situation.During the Paris Peace Conference in 1856, Cavour drew the attention on grievance of the Italians and pointed to Austria as their main cau se. During the following two years, the relationship surrounded by France and Sardinia-Piedmont improved since Napoleon III had long-standing sympathies towards the Italians. Cavour ceaselessly back up the interests of people struggling to be extra. Hence he knew that a multitude campaign against Austria in Italy would mean following his uncles footsteps.Alliances and AlignmentsThe Dual Alliance amid Germevery and Austria-Hungary was defensive in nature. This was Bismarcks reaction to Russias implied holy terror in the outcome of the Berlin Congress. However, this alliance should not be regarded as Bismarcks final choice between Austria and Russia but their affiliation was for Austrians who flee from the diplomatic isolation. On the other hand the triple alliance (1882) was made between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.Consequently through these alliances, Bismarck managed to isolate France completely from the other powers. term Britain never bo on that pointd to form a n alliance with any of the other powers since it followed the policy of the splendid isolation. For that reason by the Mancini Declaration Italy would not be drawn in an alliance which would work against Britain.The Scramble for AfricaMussolini wanted glory and conquest his style of leadership needed multitude victories. He had often promoted the idea of restoring the glory of the Roman Empire. In fact Richards states thatItaly was desperately anxious to encounter her pockets and vindicate her claim to be a major power by acquiring colonies1.Mussolini was intent on avenging the humiliation the Italians had suffered back in 1896 against the Abyssinians. The dispute over territory between Abyssinian soldiers and Italians over the incident in Wal-Wal was Mussolinis main excuse for invading Abyssinia in 1935.In 1933 the Four Power Pact was subscribe and committed states to cooperation for a period of 10 years. On 7th January 1935, the Franco-Italian agreement was signed to countera ct what they perceived to be an increasing German threat to their national hostage. The Italians restrained anti-German at this time, welcomed this alliance with the French2.Britain and France failed to take Mussolinis threat of invading Abyssinia seriously. In 1935 France, Britain and Italy signed the Stresa Pact to resist any German attempt to alter the Versailles agreement by force. During this meeting they didnt tied(p) raise the question of Abyssinia so Mussolini took it for granted that he had a free hand in Colonial Expansion3. After 8 months the League finally put in front a plan which would give Mussolini some of Abyssinia. He rejected it.4Mussolini conquered Abyssinia the last independent African Nation. At this point the Covenant of the League made it bring that sanctions had to be introduced against the aggressor as this was a clear case of a large state attacking a weaker one. However, they were not too effective as oil was not banned and also the Suez Canal was n ot closed to Mussolinis supply ships5. The Canal was the Italian main supply route to Abyssinia both Britain and France were afraid that closing the canal could contribute in war with Italy6. This decision was fatal for Abyssinia. Mussolini was astonished at the League sanctions Frances and Britains silence at Stresa over Abyssinia had led Mussolini to telephone that they would not take his adventures in Abyssinia negatively. Mussolini considered the sanctions a front of conservation, of selfishness and of hypocrisy7.During this period the Hoare-Laval Plan, a secret transaction between Britain and France was trying to solve this crisis. These two Foreign Ministers aimed to give Mussolini 2/3 of Abyssinia in fork up for his calling off the invasion. Laval threatened Britain that if they didnt agree to the plan then France would no longer support sanctions against Italy. While Britain activated modest economic sanctions against Italy, Laval promised Mussolini that Italys access to oil would not be disrupted. This policy came to be know as all sanctions short of war8.When Italys conquest of Abyssinia was completed by May 1936, Haile-Selassie made a last appeal to the League of NationsIt is not merely a question of settlement in the look of Italian aggression. It is a question of collective security of the trust placed by States in outside(a) treaties of the value of promises made to small states that their integrity and their independence shall be respected and assured. It is a choice between the principle of equality of States and the imposition upon small Powers of the bonds of vassalage9.On 9th May 1936, Abyssinia was annexed collective security had been shown as an empty promise. It was evident that Italy could not pursue its interests at Abyssinia and Spain and at the same time guard its security in central europium, that is why it opted for an alliance with Germany. After 1935 Europe experienced a collapse of eternal sleep of Power and signed the R ome-Berlin axis in November 1936.Italy after WWIBy the formation of military alliances, Europe was separate into two groups of alliances. At first these alliances were formed to prevent war and were meant to keep the balance of power in Europe. Leaders believed that if one nation had more power than the other, war could be avoided but the threat of war grew in spite of these alliances. In fact Bismarcks balance of power collapsed.Italy was united in 1870 but there was a serious division between northernmost and South since the North was industrial while the South was still agricultural. After WWI a gap still existed between the rich and the poor. As a result socialism became very strong and popular in Italy.The Italo-Turkish war purpose was to add colonies in North Africa. This war revealed the weakness within Italy which failed an expansionist policy. After the war, Trieste and Trentino were handed over to Italy as part of requital for her involvement in the war. This left Italy dissatisfied since the government had expected to receive parts of the Dalmatian Coast. As a result Italy became known as a have not country.By the Treaty of Versailles signed at the end of WWI the Italians believed that it treated them badly. Italy had not been given the land promised at the Secret Treaty of capital of the United Kingdom in 1915 and as a consequence Italys foreign Minister Orlando left the Commission humiliated.Benito Mussolini set up the Fascist Party and promised to solve Italys problems. He came to power in 1922 and was appointed Prime Minister by King Victor Emmanuel to prevent a Communist revolution in Italy. Accordingly in 1922 the environ on Rome established Mussolini and the Fascist Party as the most of import party of Italy. By the late 1920 there was a more expansionist and aggressive foreign policy. Mussolinis notion reflected imperialist ambitions even before WWI during the Abyssinian crisis. Mussolini proverb and adopted aggressive foreign policy ( 1933-39) as a destruction of internal problems of a country.Italy and the Cold WarDespite the inability to agree on various national interests there still remained some interests in Italys foreign policy which remained consistent.Starting with the Truman Doctrine introduced by ground forces was a policy to contain communism with financial aid to the West of Europe and to support the communist political party in Italy. It had the tendency to have a more equidistant approach in foreign policy. Internationally Italy has a long welcoming relationship with USA. This is due to the fact that both countries worked together in areas such as the Atlantic alliance (NATO), within the UN and promote prosperity and peace. Important to note is that USAs thousands of military troops are based in Italy which is a sign of cooperation between both countries for the cause of avoiding terrorism. communism formed in Italy by the Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) by breaking away from the Socialist Part y. The PCI fought against Nazi in WWII and after war it became a contributor to the Italian constitution while supported by many voters. hardly PCI was replaced in 1991 by the Partito Democratico della Sinistra (PDS).Italy guarded the equidistance policy (1933-36) with Britain and France while authorizing German revisionism of the Treaty of Versailles without committing herself to either bloc. Mussolini dreamed of promoting his Italy in his Mare catholicon. In fact Italy acknowledges the role as one of the strongest country in the Mediterranean. Italys policy nowadays, is an get word of the rights and responsibility in regards to regionality in the Mediterranean.The notion of opportunism in foreign policy seized opportunity in national interests especially in post-Cold War and Cold War period as it initiated triangular agreements. It saw instances available for its infrastructure, benefits and economic recovery and therefore an extension of switching alliances. The notion of opp ortunism hence let Italy paving the way for EU integration. Italys influence in EU integration was by Altiero Spinelli with his Ventetone Manifesto (1941) from where he had long been advocating the notion of US of Europe. Peace and stability in EU was by federalising European states. In terms of reputation, Italy benefited more, plighting the best situations for society and making the best out of its circumstances.Priorities in Italys Foreign Policy there is an overlapping level of importance in Italys Foreign Policy considering that the Right wing is more pretend to give priority to US while the Left wing tends to be more prone to give EU greater role in its foreign policy. But the three main priorities which are still present in foreign policy are the relations with USA, the EU, and the Mediterranean. So it is clear enough to say that after the end of the Cold War there was a more active foreign policy.As I have been mentioning before the Mediterranean is crucial in Italys forei gn policy. The notion of Mare Nostrum or Italian opportunism put the Mediterranean in the sphere of influence and with an obligation to take more responsibility in the region. This in fact entails cooperation agreements, in tackling the North-South divide issue.On a multilateral basis there are initiatives within the transatlantic relationship which almost brought 50years of peace in Europe and in the rest of the world to prevent another conflict. In 1961 with the fall of Berlin Wall strife between the Western and Eastern blocs faded and brought the Balkan area together. This is also what happened in post 9/11 with the menacing warning of clash of civilisations where if freedom and respect for humanity dont exist there is no expectation for peace. In this state of affairs the West set the goals for integration within the EU. But the countries which enhanced most and mark themselves in the Atlantic bond must take action in catastrophe where humanity is in danger.Italys contribution s in regards to culture and history are a melting pot to EuropeTake the art works of Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, . add the architecture of Venice, Florence and Rome and you have just a subdivision of Italys treasures from over the centuries10.Italy an EU member, organism the 7th largest economy in international affairs today has the worlds sixth highest export, a strong member of G8 industrialised nations and G20 especially when it comes to role with USA, China and EU. Italy is also the 5th major tourist destination where revenues which enter from the tourism sector are profitable enough.The Italian peninsula at the centre of the Mediterranean is a major destination for migrants who reach the Italian shores. This cause brings a challenge to the commonwealth of Italy. Hence immigration in Italy turned to be a political dialogue tackling migration as a security issue and fulfilling policies particularly having connotations to human rights. Roberto Maroni stated My concern as inte rior minister is to guarantee the highest possible levels of security, first and foremost by combating clandestine immigration11.One of the reasons to which Italy can adopt a more developed role is within its domestic politics. Italian politics is generally considered a conglomerate and puzzling affair, steeped in clientelism, corruption, excessive party influence, a byzantine bureaucracy, and last but not least, cabalistic conspiracies as well as bloody episodes of political violence12. September 11 coincided with Berlusconi coming in office in May 2001. But in 2006 the LUnione led by Romano Prodi formed the government of the time but resigned after 9 months after a policy about operation troops in Afghanistan and US expansion military base failed. He focused on the importance of making Italy important in the special relationship with USA on the same lines of Britain since the latter was a US ally. In this way Italy will have these benefits and translate to energy and oil resourc es. One can notice that USA is still one of the benchmarks in Italys policy. Prodi was again criticised in 2008 when the UDEUR party left his coalition. All this caused turmoil because parliament was diffused and elections were held in April. But Berlusconi won his 3rd term in 2008 and so the party is henpecked by the centre-right politics. When Berlusconi came to power in 2008 a law was passed giving him immunity from prosecution while being in office. Consequently in November 2008, Italy was affirmed in recession. Nevertheless the main shock experienced by the earthquake in Aquila in 2009 left several people homeless and towns heavily damaged. conclusionUndoubtedly in my opinion I strongly agree with the quote of Michael Clark Gli italiani non si sono mai messi daccordo riguardo a fall si trovino i loro interessi nazionali.This is due to the fact that one of the problems that characterise Italys foreign policy is the notion of inability to agree on various national interests.Eve ryday examples include the division between the industrialised North and the poor South. In fact the Italians in the North want to form part of Austria and France since they speak their languages. reliable zones in the north as Venice, Turin are the richest of Europe while the Sothern part is the opposite with few industries and few job opportunities for youths. On administration level, Berlusconi though went through several mistakes in his administration he always sought his aims and succeeded.